Understanding the nature of dark matter, the invisible substance that makes up most of the mass of our universe, is one of the greatest mysteries in physics. New results from the world’s most sensitive dark matter detector, LUX ZEPLIN (LZ) have narrowed down the possibilities for one of the leading candidates for dark matter: weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs.
LZ, led by the Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), is looking for Dark matter from a cave nearly a mile underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota. Mani Tripathi, distinguished professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at UC Davis, is a member of the LZ project team.
The experiment’s new results explore weaker interactions with dark matter than ever before sought and further limit the capabilities of WIMPs.
“These are by far new, world-leading constraints on dark matter and WIMPs,” said Chamkaur Ghag, LZ spokesperson and professor at University College London (UCL). He noted that the detector and analysis techniques work even better than the collaboration expected. “If WIMPs were in the region we were looking for, we could have made confident statements about them. We know we have the sensitivity and tools to determine if they are there while we search at lower energies and spend most of the runtime of this experiment.”
Fewer hiding places for WIMPs
The collaboration found no evidence of WIMPs above a mass of 9 gigaelectronvolts/c2 (GeV/c2). (For comparison: The mass of a proton is slightly less than 1 GeV/c2.) The experiment’s sensitivity to weak interactions helps researchers reject potential WIMP dark matter models that don’t fit the data, leaving significantly fewer places for WIMPs to hide. The new results were presented on August 26 at two physics conferences: TeV Particle Astrophysics 2024 in Chicago, Illinois, and LIDINE 2024 in São Paulo, Brazil. A scientific paper will be published in the coming weeks.
The results analyze 280 days of data: a new set of 220 days (collected between March 2023 and April 2024) combined with 60 previous days from LZ’s first run. The experiment is scheduled to collect 1,000 days of data before it ends in 2028.
“If you think of the search for dark matter as the search for buried treasure, we dug almost five times deeper than anyone has before,” said Scott Kravitz, LZ’s deputy physics coordinator and a professor at the University of Texas at Austin. “You don’t do it with a million shovels – you do it by inventing a new tool.”
LZ’s sensitivity comes from the myriad ways in which the detector can reduce backgrounds, false signals that can mimic or hide dark matter interactions. Deep underground, the detector is shielded from cosmic rays from space. To reduce natural radiation from everyday objects, LZ is built from thousands of ultra-clean, low-radiation parts. The detector is constructed like an onion, with each layer either blocking outside radiation or tracking particle interactions to rule out dark matter mimics. And sophisticated new analysis techniques help rule out background interactions, particularly those of the most common culprit: radon.
This result is also the first time LZ has used “salting” – a technique that adds false WIMP signals during data collection. By disguising the real data until “desalting” at the end, researchers can avoid unconscious bias and avoid over-interpreting or altering their analysis.
“We’re pushing the frontier into a realm where no one has ever looked for dark matter before,” said Scott Haselschwardt, the LZ physics coordinator and recent Chamberlain Fellow at Berkeley Lab who is now an assistant professor at the University of Michigan. “There’s a human tendency to want to see patterns in data, so it’s really important that you don’t introduce bias into this new realm. When you make a discovery, you want to get it right.”
The invisible 85 percent
Dark matter, so named because it does not emit, reflect, or absorb light, makes up an estimated 85% of the mass of the universe. However, it has never been directly detected, although it has left its mark in numerous astronomical observations. Without this mysterious yet fundamental part of the universe, we would not exist. The mass of dark matter contributes to the gravitational attraction that helps galaxies form and stay together.
LZ uses 10 tons of liquid xenon to create a dense, transparent material that dark matter particles can potentially collide with. The hope is that a WIMP will collide with a xenon nucleus and set it in motion, similar to hitting a billiard ball in a game of billiards. By collecting the light and electrons emitted during the interactions, LZ will capture potential WIMP signals, among other data.
“We’ve shown how strong we are as a WIMP search engine, and we’ll keep going and getting even better – but there are many other things we can do with this detector,” said Amy Cottle, leader of the WIMP search effort and assistant professor at UCL. “The next step is to use this data to study other interesting and rare physics processes, such as rare decays of xenon atoms, neutrinoless double beta decay, boron-8 neutrinos from the Sun, and other physics processes beyond the Standard Model. And that’s in addition to studying some of the most interesting and previously inaccessible dark matter models of the last 20 years.”
LZ is a collaboration of about 250 scientists from 38 institutions in the US, UK, Portugal, Switzerland, South Korea and Australia. Much of the work in setting up, operating and analyzing the record-breaking experiment is being done by early career researchers. The collaboration is already looking forward to analyzing the next dataset and using new analytical tricks to search for even lower-mass dark matter. The scientists are also thinking about possible upgrades to further improve LZ and are planning a next-generation dark matter detector called XLZD.
“Our ability to search for dark matter is improving faster than Moore’s Law,” Kravitz said. “If you look at an exponential curve, everything that has come before is nothing. Just wait and see what comes next.”
LZ is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, and the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a user facility of the DOE Office of Science. LZ is also supported by the Science & Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the Institute for Basic Science, Korea. Over 38 institutions of higher education and advanced research have supported LZ. The LZ collaboration thanks the Sanford Underground Research Facility for its support.
